The Form and Tonal Structure of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata...

The Form and Tonal Structure of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13, II. â€Å"Adagio cantabile† March 19, 2013 Form and Analysis Many consider Ludwig Von Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13 as his first major musical accomplishment, more commonly known as Sonata Pathetique. Written at the age of 27 in 1798, the young composer had gained instant fame and his work was published only a year later. Beethoven, being one of the first significant musicians to work for them selves, is said to have given it the title. This composition consists of three movements of which we will further examine movement II, Adagio Cantabile. This movement is placed in high contrast with the other two, particularly in tempo.†¦show more content†¦The Câ™ ­=Bâ™ ® and Eâ™ ­= Dâ™ ¯ and E=Fâ™ ­, which is â™ ­^6 of Aâ™ ­ ultimately acting as the enharmonic pivot into the flattened submediant with a PAC in m. 44 establishing the key of E major. The section carries on with a V-I confirmation of the new tonic until m. 48 where the home key of Aâ™ ­ is brought back in through the use of s econdary dominants and tension that ends the section with a HC at m. 50 and is released with the MT into the final A section. Section A’’ (mm. 51-65) repeats the MT with variation mostly in rhythmic changes leading up to the PAC in Aâ™ ­ major at m. 66 where the coda (m. 66-73) begins. The coda essentially acts as a tonic expansion with some added 9ths to the dominant as seen in m. 67 and m.69. The piece works the V-I in a decrescendo to the final PAC in Aâ™ ­ major in m. 73. Out of all of Beethoven’s works, this one arguably stands as one of his most famous. Some say it is because of the heart that was introduced by a musician that was working only for himself, others claim he simply modified Mozart themes. Either way, the form is executed perfectly in a beautiful musicalShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Beethoven Pathetique Sonata4398 Words   |  18 PagesAn application of Analysis of Beethoven’s ‘Pathetique’ piano sonata No. 8 inC minor, Op.13 with particular focus on musical features such as melody, thematic content, rhythm, form and structure, and harmony. Bent states that analysis is the means of answering the question, how does it work? According to Bent, analysis is a relatively young discipline â€Å"analysis as a pursuit in its own right became established during the 19th century† (Bent, 2006, p.13), although basic methods of analysis of music

Persuasive Essay Life Is About Rhythm - 1443 Words

Persuasive Essay Mickey Hart once said, â€Å"Life is about rhythm. We vibrate, our hearts are pumping blood, we are a rhythm machine, that’s what we are.† Percussion has grown to have a vast importance in all forms of modern Western music, because of the incorporation of percussion into both academia and entertainment music. At first, percussion was introduced into Western Classical music as a means of getting exotic and unusual sounds for composers, and that trend continued all throughout the Romantic era, and even to the present. This surge in percussion instruments, especially the drum set, influenced the early forms of Jazz ushering in percussion into the entertainment/commercial music side of music. Drum set was the avenue that allowed†¦show more content†¦This resulted in those sections of the orchestra being expanded to accommodate this need. Percussion sections went from 1-3 musicians to 6-8 musicians; in some cases, like Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture, even large r sections were needed. Consequently, all of this points out the need of composers to continually find unique and unusual sounds; pushing the boundaries of Western music. This trend has continued all the way to the present, composers like John Cage, Aaron Copland, and Charles Ives used percussion in the 1900’s to recreate Western music in their respective views. However, all of them used percussion to bring more uniqueness to music, like John Cage’s use of tin cans in Third Construction. This style of music has been viewed as Avant Garde and possibly damaging to the established norms of music, but as the composers that came before them, they use percussion to bring a dynamic interest and push the boundaries of music. As dynamic as percussion is in Western academia music, composers could have gone without it, like the several centuries before the timpani’s inclusion. However, with the inclusion of percussion the orchestra’s dynamic completely changed. After the Civil War, Western music began to split between Commercial and Academic. Commercial music began from the roots of Jazz, and became the popular music. No longer was the orchestra the avenue of popular musical fulfillment. OfShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Individuality Is Not Just Where One Has Shaped My Life896 Words   |  4 Pagesnow you would be puzzled. However, this puzzle has shaped my life.† (Song 1) The way I have fashioned this piece insinuates that I am speaking to an audience. Thus, I have my topic, the notion that individuality is not just where one was born, but multiple aspects, such as culture, family background and experiences make a part of one’s identity. I also use foreshadowing, in the following sentence, â€Å"However, this puzzle has shaped my life.† (Song 1) This sentence signifies a change in topic and I laterRead More`` Thought, By Louis H. Sullivan911 Words   |  4 Pages In his essay, â€Å"Thought,† Louis H. Sullivan illustrates the importance of real thinking and creative thinking. He asserts that words are not really necessary to use to express our thoughts. He presents other wordless forms of communication to translate our thoughts into loud expressions. Music, painting, images and other wordless forms are the solution the author suggest, as better forms of communication. â€Å"Real thinking is better done without words† Sullivan argues. â€Å"Words† cut off the inspirationRead MoreThe Famous Last Thoughts Of My Dying Hope For Success1492 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"And remember class, your essays are due tomorrow,† the famous last thoughts of my dying hope for success. Ever since writing mo longer became about how well you understood and developed ideas, my progression towards a well published essay slowly rolled down the hill to failure. This could be caused by my lack of discipline, drive to perfection, or my sheer ability to misspell words like misguided, random, and unorganized (which, ironically, are all words that could be used to describe my writingRead MoreComparing Brutus and Mark Antonys Funeral Speeches in Julius Caeser by William Shakespeare797 Words   |  4 PagesSpeeches in Julius Caeser by William Shakespeare Julius Caeser is a well known play written by William Shakespeare. It is based on the life and after life of the great roman leader, Caeser. One of the most important and memorable scenes in the play is when Brutus and Mark Antony give their speeches at Caesers funeral. In this essay I will be comparing to two, noting the key speech writing elements, and finally concluding which I think is most effective. The first speechRead MoreStart School Later And Let Teens Sleep : Persuasive Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesDiana Moreno Block 4 Mr. McCormick June 3, 2015 Start School Later and Let Teens Sleep: Persuasive Essay The national sleep epidemic that has taken the world by storm is also taking a toll in not only teen’s health but also their performance in school as well as personal safety. The sleep deprivation that teens are experiencing everyday has caused many health problems as well as academic problems. I believe starting school later will hinder this ever growing teen sleep deprivation problemRead MoreLearning Competencies1019 Words   |  5 Pagesaward-winning protest and patriotic songs and radio plays 5.1 Listen to appreciate the sound effects and dramatic interpretations employed in radio plays 5.2 Listen to appreciate the melody, rhythm, and lyrics of award winning songs used as musical themes in movies SPEAKING 1. Give a persuasive talk on an issue adjusting one ¶s rate/volume of speaking and register to suit the topic, audience, and setting in a communication situation 1.1 Use pausing and a slow rate of speech to signal importantRead MoreFrancis Bacon : An Essay3660 Words   |  15 Pagesword essay means the action or process of trying to test. Looking back through history, a man name Francis Bacon was the first person to write The Twoo Bookes of Francis Bacon: Of The Profiecience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Humane, an essay, with the first book, written about the significance of learning every field of life and the second part written about the lack of human knowledge and suggestions for improvement. After this successful period of Bacons’, more and more essays wereRead MoreWho s For The Game?1531 Words   |  7 PagesWithin this essay, I will be comparing two very different poems; the propaganda and pro-establishment poem ‘Who’s for the game? written in 1916 by Jessie Pope which attempted to recruit men to the army by creating an unrealistic, glorified image of war and Dulce et decorum est written by Wilfred Owe n in October 1917 which provides a horrific yet realistic insight into life as a solider. Within Who s for the game? , Pope uses various poetic devices to create a jovial, ebullient imageRead MorePoetry Research And Analysis Essay1959 Words   |  8 PagesPoetry Research and Analysis Essay Persuasive Wouldn’t it be great if everything was just black and white, unfortunately that’s not always the case? To me, the answer to the question regarding song lyrics being poetry is more complicated than yes or no. I think it falls in the gray area in the middle. In respect to that, I will discuss the fact that poetry and songs can be different in structure yet very similar in meaning; that without the voice implemented in the music, songs loose poetic andRead MoreHow Can Literature Be Used to Support and Develop Language and Literacy for Students in the Primary Years? Rationalise the Use of the Text (Chosen Literature) and Literature More Generally for Developing Language and3026 Words   |  13 PagesCurriculum. The three components are intertwined as literature is needed to be able to read and literature is meaningless if no one can read it. Language is needed to write/encode to create the literature and decode to understand it (literacy). This essay will look at the de finitions of literature, language and literacy and explore the benefits of using literature (The Very Cranky Bear by Nick Bland, 2011) to support and develop language and literacy in early primary school students. This Preparatory

The Effects Of Being a Athlete free essay sample

Student athletes are all around the world working hard not only for their grades, but for their sports as well. Being a student athlete can be very time consuming and the only way to stay on top of their game is working ahead of schedule. There are many different results that occur from being a student athlete such as the character traits, and the passion that are picked up along the road to success. In order to be a successful student athlete not only must a person be willing to spend a lot of time practicing, but that person must also be prepared for all of the obstacles that can come along the way such as; stress, character flaws, and even weak mental strength. Practicing a sport is much more than the sole act of pushing your body through exhaustion or using your skills to reach your goal. There are many effects that show after you get involved in a sport; physical, human, and social. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects Of Being a Athlete or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first major effect of practicing a sport is that you will develop physical abilities. Your body will be in better shape, and you will be able to achieve things that physically you couldnt accomplish before. By exercising on a regular basis your body will be healthier, which means fewer diseases and fewer injuries. People with a healthy life tend to live longer and happier. The second effect has to do with your personal life. Being a student athlete can be very difficult for people especially during school time knowing that they have to do both sports and class work. In order to forget about these obstacles one must be willing to work for that extra hour or two every day after both school and athletics. In order to be a student athlete one must not be afraid to multitask and even procrastinate a little bit. Even though procrastination is bad it still happens to athletes no matter how hard they try to avoid it. Yes, sports will get very deep into your life. Practicing a sport requires some time, so you will be entertained for a while everyday instead of watching television or surfing on the internet. By practice a sport youll get the chance to travel to new places where meets are held. And thats not all because once you enter a better level of competition; you may complete in national or international meets, attract sponsors, and even make a profit out of it. Most important is the effect that practicing a sport causes on your person, your social side. Being an athlete causes you to be more social because you’re always conversing with your fellow athletes. Being a student athlete always give that effect of being popular and not being afraid to talk with others. Athletes usually seem to be the type of people that get along well with others in most situations. Being an athlete causes you to meet more people, which is the reason for why they are so popular. You will meet a lot of people in the business, form beginners to professionals; however, only a small group of individuals will become your friends to the point of turning into your second family. That is having a team. As an athlete you will develop a strong character and a competitive spirit. Besides youll become more disciplined and responsible, which will certainly help you in your professional life. The effects of being an athlete shape your body, your life, and your mind in good ways. Practicing a sport keeps you entertained and far away from boredom. In addition you will have the chance to experience the amazing feeling of beating all your opponents down from the quarterfinals or crossing the finish line ahead of everyone else.

Online Personalities You Have to Accommodate in Web Writing - The Writers For Hire

HOW TO WRITE WEB COPY THAT SELLS STUFF AND ENGAGES PEOPLE #2: 5 ONLINE PERSONALITIES YOU HAVE TO ACCOMMODATE IN WEB WRITING Good copywriters know that there are lots of different online visitors, each with unique reading and learning styles. In order to connect with the greatest number of visitors, your website should give your readers the information they need in the way they want it. Below is a brief profile of the 5 online personalities, with best practice Web writing suggestions to get them hooked, make a sale, and convert them through your online copy. 1. The Information Gatherers: Information gatherers are researchers: they want to know as much information as they can before they make a call or place an order. They want to know your pricing, you guarantees or warranties, how your product or service works, your credentials – anything they can get their hands on, really. Consider them the well-informed consumers. Information gatherers will probably spend a lot of time on your website, clicking through different pages as they slowly amass knowledge. These types will be reading your copy attentively, so all of the standard copywriting rules apply to these folks: Be clear. Be concise. Be specific. Be benefit-oriented. The golden rule of attracting information gatherers is to never make them guess – use your website as a tool to explain your product or service in order to make the sale. Reach out to information gatherers by including: Charts comparing your product/service to your competitors Certifications and testimonials Detailed information: pricing, specs, processes, etc. Case studies 2. The Visual Learners Visual learners hate to read, but they love pictures and charts. These types look for visual representations that help them grab information quickly. Accommodate visual learners by adding graphics to your website – like a flow chart about how your business or service works, or a table comparing your prices to your competitor’s prices. Give them stuff to look at like: Comparison tables (your service or product vs. your competitors) Test results Process charts on how your service works Labeled diagrams Web tools Side note: There are lots of different types of web tools that can add an interactive element to your website. For instance, an energy auditing company might have an interactive calculator showing potential customers how much money they could save in a year, 3 years, and 5 years if they switch to fluorescent light bulbs. Make sure your copy is supported by design, and give the visual learners lots of eye candy like charts, graphics, and tools that grab attention. 3. The Doers You’ve probably known a doer or two in your life: Doers will come to your website. They might read a headline or two – maybe. Then they skip over all the rest of your well-crafted copy and scroll to the bottom of the page to call you, buy your product, or fill out your form. -->It’s hard for copywriter to believe that these people exist, but they do. Doers are hasty people. They’re the antithesis of information gatherers: They don’t want to research your website. Period. Doers want to find your action statement – and they want to find it fast. Side note: You know you have a doer on your hands when †¦ they don’t know anything about your company or product. We get calls all the time at TWFH for copyrighting – yes, COPYRIGHTING – though we are not, in fact, lawyers of any type. These callers obviously misspelled copywriting, and then just went straight to our phone number. There’s absolutely nothing on our website that would lead anyone to believe that we provide legal services. Thats what you get when you combine a doer with a simple spelling error. To make sure you make the doers happy, you just have to make contacting you easy: Highlight your call to action. Whether your call to action is â€Å"Print This Coupon† or â€Å"Sign Up for Our Newsletter† or â€Å"Buy Now,† make sure its highlighted, bold, and in a prominent position on your website. Put contact information on all of your Web pages Be sure to allow for multiple methods of contact: phone, email, forms, chat boxes. Consider putting forms on every page. Then, breathe easy as the doers come knocking at your door. 4. The Speed Readers Speed readers or at least they think they’re speed readers – are skimmers. Theyneedtogetasmuchinformationastheycaninaverysmallamountoftime. These are the people that bite down hard on your website, chew you up and spit you out. Speed readers figure they can get everything they need to know by reading the headlines and a few bolded points on your homepage. They’re not going to sit down and read every single word on your website (again, another antithesis to information gatherers). So to make speed readers happy, your copy needs to be broken up: Bullet points break up copy and highlight important information in a succinct manner. Headlines need to be big, bold, and targeted toward your reader. Use bold inside the body of your copy Only bold key statements so that they jump off of the page from the rest of your copy. Use bolding sparingly, and choose the information you want to bold carefully. One two-to-three word bold phrase per paragraph is usually plenty. Especially if your web copy is long (like this blog post), most ALL types of visitors will appreciate well-placed headlines, bullets, and bolding. Don’t let the eyes get overwhelmed by endless amounts of black and white text. 5. The Listeners Listeners would rather see it and hear it than read anything (have you noticed, by the way, how many types of people don’t like to read? That’s exactly why you need a clever copywriter that can sell to EVERYONE). Listeners can be kind of geeky. They’re often technophiles – they’re the kinds of people with multiple iPods in different colors. Or they might just be TV junkies rather than book worms. In order to reach out to listeners, you need some interactive, auditory stuff on your website. Things like: Instructional or marketing videos Interactive flash Talking heads and avatars Music Movement and sound keep their attention (even though we know those talking heads can be sort of creepy), so you need to distract them and sell to them at the same time. One Last Word to the Wise: Don’t forget that there are endless combinations of all five personality types. One of the most common combos are speed reader/gatherers. They read fast first, but the scan in depth later. Or you’ve got the ones that â€Å"do† when they are in a hurry, but will read more in depth if they’re putzing around at home. Most people don’t always follow one type all the time (no, not even us writers), but it’s important to be egalitarian and forward thinking: accommodate all personalities – regardless of positive attributes and annoying aspects so that people can interact with your content in whatever mode they’re in. This means that redundancy is ok in web writing – and good websites have a combination of elements that we’ve talked about. Bolded words and bullet points. Complete, clear, and concise information. Charts, graphics, or pictures that support your copy. Videos, flash, and voice recordings for the listeners. And a clear, highly visible call to action.

Alexander II Managing the Challenge of Modernizing Russia free essay sample

How successful did Alexander II manage the challenge of modernising Russia Since the nineteenth century it has been evident that Russia and much of Eastern Europe has struggled to keep up with the modernising western powers; a problem which has become apparent to Alexander II. They were socially, economically and politically behind in many aspects; industrialising was a huge problem due to problems with serfdom as well as poor infrastructure and transport links which made industrialising uneven across the whole of Russia. Economically, Russia was truggling with problems in agricultural production, expertise in Jobs and basic infrastructure such as transport links. In hindsight, his economical reforms proved to be the most successful. Most successful of his reforms includes the introduction of Reutern. He was extremely successful as he was able to borrow less money from other countries giving more independency; He also allowed infrastructure to improve through the construction of railways across the landscape of Russia. We will write a custom essay sample on Alexander II: Managing the Challenge of Modernizing Russia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is extremely significant as it meant more raw materials could be travelled making Russia more conomically stable and less reliable on other countries resources. Moreover, it encouraged more highly skilled and better qualified workers to move to Russia to design and created Jobs for those to build the railway in turn leading to faster industrialising and economic prosperity. Other reforms included a treasury being reformed as well as the abolition of tax farming. Reformation of the government and treasury is important as it meant the government was more efficient with its budgeting and therefore saved money reducing their debt and consequently boosting the Russian economy. However not all of Alexander reforms were successful. Most controversial was the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 which has both benefits and drawbacks. It created a more mobile workforce allowing serfs to travel and become better qualified as well as pay taxes so the government had more to spent in other sectors however its drawbacks must be considered; many peasants were unhappy at the newly introduced high levels of tax and poor incomes preventing them from leaving their ex-serf owners household. There were also other issues with Alexander II reforms to modernise Russia. While railways proved to be ighly useful they took long periods of times to build as well as large sums of money to construct them. There were also large amounts of anti-Semitism towards the Jews who were now able to trade creating a largely hostile environment and many sought this to be wrong. Despite this, Alexander II was significantly successful in modernising Russia as he was able to develop a stronger infrastructure with better transport links allowing Russia to make better use of its resources it had as opposed to lending from other countries. He also created many new Jobs in building the railway improving the economy. While the emancipation of the serfs was not his biggest success it was clear it was a huge step towards equality and freedom for the people within Russia. Socially it is evident that Alexander II was largely unsuccessful seen was the military changes he brought about. With the emancipation of the serfs, ex-serfs were no longer to be conscripted into war as had previously done which had created a large but weak army with little or no skills with weapons quickly leading to defeats for Russia. Military changes meant a more concise and better trained army was made which proved to be more effective In its war against turkey. The government also proved education to the military improving literacy rates among the poorer people who could not afford so. However, while a more efficient army with rankings for soldiers to aspire to it had many faults. Despite Russia defeating turkey this took a much longer period of time than had anticipated and the army was evidently still not particularly powerful after its defeats from both Japan and Germany. Little was done to improve the other social areas which so badly needed reform. In regards to Judicial and legal reforms all people were to be treated equally efore the court of law and criminal were to be heard by barrister and a Jury. This created a fairer system with less temptation to Judges being bribed as salaries went up. However there were still a number of problems; open courts to press and news gave revolutionaries chances to spread the words of their causes changing public opinion and encouraging the movement of radicals leading to more splinter groups of the nihilists. Censorship on the press was relaxed allowing many articles to be published without subject to contents checks giving more freedom to the writers owever this was soon revoked in the 1870s with the rapid expansion of critical writers towards the government with many showing discontent towards the tsar. Again, this encouraged radical voices to be heard and the spread of revolutionaries to increase giving way to more political opposition. Educational reform faced the same issues when they relaxed educational laws allowing all to attend some form of education. More radical thinkers expressed their attitude through public speaking and critical writing. Educational reform also showed an explosion in the radical ideas of women as they were allowed to attend education. It is therefore evident to see that Alexander II was largely unable to positively affect people socially due to his half attempts to change without changing the attitudes of the public. Moreover society was still largely unrepresentative as peasants population was disproportionate to the population of Russia. There were still a higher number of nobles representing the local government and the power of the Dumas and zemstrva was limited meaning that the peasants lives were largely unchanged. His inability to stick by his reforms and consequently reverse them the public angrier and more resentful than they had een before. Politically there were a number of challenges that Alexander II faced due to large amounts of opposition. Many were unhappy with reforms and the tsar and so small rebellion groups appeared with the first being known as the nihilists. This was largely made of younger generations many of whom were students who believed the whole governmental body failed and needed to be completely removed. Groups such as the nihilists slowly branched out with people differing in beliefs with some taking a more aggressive approach. Most notable of these groups was the peoples will who ere responsible with the attempted and successful murder of Alexander II which is Alexander II failed to repress the political opposition through the secret police as this led to more aggressive and violent protesters. Moreover trials that came about did little to repress the revolutionaries attempts as some such as the trial of the fifty or one hundred and ninety three allowed most to leave without consequence and very few were convicted and many revolutionaries were able to voice their opinion and spread the word such as Alexander Zheliabov who would also be involved in the ttempted murder of Alexander. It can therefore be said that politically Alexander II failed to modernise Russia as he failed to repress the revolutionaries threat and almost encouraged it with his inability to please the peasants and younger generation. Whilst Alexander II succeeded in his economical reforms to modernise Russia with an improved infrastructure and the introduction of Reutern he essentially failed politically to repress the revolutionaries action and was not hard enough on them allowing them to continue to spread the word but also socially as his nability to stick to his action and eventually reverse them made him look weak and unsettled the Russian population.

Biology †Characteristics of Life and Principles

Biology - Characteristics of Life and Principles What is biology? Simply put, it is the study of life, in all of its grandeur. Biology concerns all life forms, from the very small algae to the very large elephant. But how do we know if something is living? For example,  is a virus alive or dead? To answer these questions, biologists have created a set of criteria called the characteristics of life.   The Characteristics of Life Living things include both the visible world of animals, plants, and fungi as well as the invisible world of bacteria and viruses. On a basic level, we can say that life is ordered. Organisms have an enormously complex organization. Were all familiar with the intricate systems of the basic unit of life, the cell. Life can work. No, this doesnt mean all animals are qualified for a job. It means that living creatures can take in energy from the environment. This energy, in the form of food, is transformed to maintain metabolic processes and for survival. Life grows and develops. This means more than just replicating or getting larger in size. Living organisms also have the ability to rebuild and repair themselves when injured. Life can reproduce. Have you ever seen dirt reproduce? I dont think so. Life can only come from other living creatures. Life can respond. Think about the last time you accidentally stubbed your toe. Almost instantly, you flinched back in pain. Life is characterized by this response to stimuli. Finally, life can adapt and respond to the demands placed on it by the environment. There are three basic types of adaptations that can occur in higher organisms. Reversible changes occur as a response to changes in the environment. Lets say you live near sea level and you travel to a mountainous area. You may begin to experience difficulty breathing and an increase in heart rate as a result of the change in altitude. These symptoms go away when you go back down to sea level.Somatic changes occur as a result of prolonged changes in the environment. Using the previous example, if you were to stay in the mountainous area for a long time, you would notice that your heart rate would begin to slow down and you would begin to breath normally. Somatic changes are also reversible.The final type of adaptation is called genotypic (caused by genetic mutation). These changes take place within the genetic makeup of the organism and are not reversible. An example would be the development of resistance to pesticides by insects and spiders. In summary, life is organized, works, grows, reproduces, responds to stimuli and adapts. These characteristics form the basis of the study of biology. Basic Principles of Biology The foundation of biology as it exists today is based on five basic principles. They are the cell theory, gene theory, evolution, homeostasis, and laws of thermodynamics. Cell Theory: all living organisms are composed of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life.Gene Theory: traits are inherited through gene transmission. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA.Evolution: any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations. These changes may be small or large, noticeable or not so noticeable.Homeostasis: ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes.Thermodynamics: energy is constant and energy transformation is not completely efficient. Subdiciplines of BiologyThe field of biology is very broad in scope and can be divided into several disciplines. In the most general sense, these disciplines are categorized based on the type of organism studied. For example,  zoology deals with animal studies, botany deals with plant studies, and microbiology is the study of microorganisms. These fields of study can be broken down further into several specialized sub-disciplines. Some of which include anatomy, cell biology, genetics, and physiology.

Profile of Ford Motor Group - Henry Ford organisation Lab Report

Profile of Ford Motor Group - Henry Ford organisation - Lab Report Example The organisation culture of FMC has also been a heritage for the company, which would be evaluated in the report. Finally the framework of FMC for motivating the employees would be scrutinised so as to understand the human resource management initiatives of the company. FMC has always believed in one theme when it comes to human resource, i.e. ‘One Team, One Plan, and One Goal’ (Ford Motor Company, 2013). It has always tried to deliver solutions which will affect not only the business but the lives of people. It is the motto of the company to support and develop its human resources that design, develop, and sell the best vehicles in the world. Company Overview FMC is one of the most famous automobile manufacturers in the world. The company is headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, USA. It was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford. FMC was the most sold automobile brand across the world before World War II. The large scale car manufacturing concept was introduced by Ford Motors in 1914 (Ford Motors Company, 2011). Ford has been a stable company all throughout its journey, though the company was also a victim of the global financial crisis which engulfed many stable leading companies of America, but Ford managed to save itself from bankruptcy. It recorded an operating profit of $ 8.8 billion in 2011, or $ 1.51 per share earnings. This revenue figure states that there has been an increase of $463 million in 2011 from 2010. The net income amounted to $20,213 in 2011, which is much higher than the net income of 2010, $6,561 million. The company is also into financing of vehicles, insurance and leasing (Bloomberg, 2012). Profile of Henry Ford ‘Entrepreneurs are not born, rather they become through the experiences of their lives’, has been stated by Professor Albert Shapiro of Ohio State University (National Content Standards for Entrepreneurship Education, n. d.). This saying is appropriate for Henry Ford. Henry Ford was born on the 30th of July 1863. He is well-known around the world, of course for FMC, but apart from this, he is also known for developing the system of mass production with the help of assembly line. Henry Ford discovered the creed called Fordism, which preached mass production of inexpensive products by offering high wages to workers (Seligman, n. d.). He had intense commitment towards reducing the cost of production and offering automobiles to Americans, which they can easily afford to buy. It was the vision of no one other than Henry Ford, to offer unprecedented mobility to the people which changed the lives of millions around the world. He is not only remembered for the automobiles that his company produced, but also for improving the standard of living of people through his inventions such as Ford Model T, or Qadricycle, and the assembly line approach (Ford Motor Company, 2012). Henry Ford introduced better automobiles after Qadricycle, and in order to publicise them, he drove his own race cars. The first c ar that FMC sold was in 1903, and it was a Model A car which was sold to a dentist at a price of $850. However, Henry Ford became one of the richest men in the world, mainly because of Model T cars. Even during 1914, he paid $5 per day wage to his workers. Henry Ford had a view that if the

Nursing - Aplication of Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing - Aplication of Theory - Essay Example However, the delivery of their services is in a detached manner, in which they have minimal physical and social contact with the patient. The nurse however is deeply involved at all stages with the patient, and has a stellar role to play throughout the recovery process, even after discharge. The nobility of the profession, already exemplified by Florence Nightingale, has been firmly established. The tremendous developments in science, education, medical techniques and information technology during the last and the present century have brought forth new concepts, Ideologies and roles for nursing as well as other professionals. An important aspect during this period has been the identification, conceptualization and practical application of numerous nursing theories’ which have established themselves as hallmarks for the nursing profession. A nursing theory has been defined as the body of knowledge that is used to support nursing practice with most of the presently recognized tw enty theories’ generated in the last 20 years, with new concepts being identified and added continuously(Web). Nursing theories have been pictorially visualized as a tree whose trunk is represented by Florence Nightingale’s whose significant contribution to the reduction of mortality in soldiers’ during the war in Turkey and efforts to bring about an association of nursing with spirituality, devotion and knowledge revolutionized the way nurses were looked at in society as well as the manner in which they operated (Tourville, 2003). Based on the strong foundations laid down by Nightingale, numerous nursing professionals have contributed to the development of this virtual tree whose roots have been described as the four meta-paradigms defined as person, environment, health and nursing (Tourville, 2003). Each subsequent contribution to the knowledge on nursing theories’ has been attributed to individual nursing practitioners’ who made a significant im pact on the subsequent school of thought in the profession. Jean Watson, who came up with the idea of her ‘carative theory’ in the latter part of the twentieth century has held great appeal in the subsequent years. Watson was influenced by philosophy and thoughts of eminent psychologists and personalities such as Carl Rogers, Yalom, Chardin, Sartre and Kirkland (Tourville, 2003). In addition she had vast experience in the nursing profession in multinational and multicultural environments. Watson relegated the scientific and medical aspects of healing to an altogether different aspect which she labeled as ‘Trim’ and stressed upon ‘caring’ for the patient as the most important aspect. She appealed for the nurses’ to treat themselves with gentleness and dignity while establishing a deep, caring relationship with the patient. She felt that the caring attitude of nurses’ as been buried under the technical aspects of healthcare. Unless and interpersonal relationship is established between the patient and the nurse, it is difficult to justify one’ duty as a nurse. The crux of her ‘carative factors focuses on unselfish concern for every human being, instillation of faith and hope in the sufferer, cultivation of sensitivity towards self as well as others, developing a helping attitude to strengthen trust, encouraging the patient to express freely, decision making through a problem solving

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Marketing plan - Essay Example However, at later stages more specialized trainings will be given to employees. For staffing purpose, the job descriptions will be developed and the ads will be given on the website and in the printed media. Proper interviews and tests will be conducted to hire the staff. Vigor will be a created as a partnership among the three partners. The Partnership Agreement will be assigned by the three partners and they will have unlimited liability which means that in the case of the dissolution of the company, the personal assets of the partners can be also claimed by the creditors. No corporate taxes will be imposed and each partner will be liable to pay his personal tax at the rate of tax applicable to him individually. In future, if the company expands and we plan to establish more branches of Spa, then we may plan to convert our legal structure into a limited partnership or corporation. At Vigor, strong contacts will be established with health care providers. In collaboration with the health insurance companies, Vigor will offer insured services to its customers. Most of the people coming to Spas and taking massage therapies are unaware that when a physician prescribes massage therapy then it is usually paid by insurance. If insurance will not cover the expense of clients, the difference will be charged from the client. To handle insurance coverage, management software will be purchased. Vigor will also maintain a list of acceptable insurance companies and their clients will be handled. To ensure quality services, high quality products of good brands will be used. While servicing the customers their needs and wants will be understood. Moreover, a regular customer feedback will be also taken to ensure high service

Methodology And Benefits Of Ecotel Hotels Tourism Essay

Methodology And Benefits Of Ecotel Hotels Tourism Essay ECOTEL ®? ECOTEL ® is an environmental certification that enables hotels to be truly green, socially responsible, and sustainable over the long term by involving the entire value chain of owners, architects, operators, employees, suppliers and hotel guests. What is the ECOTEL ® Methodology? The ECOTEL ® methodology evaluates a hotels systems, processes and practices for environment friendliness through a stringent assessment of its range, scope and results across five crucial parameters, known as The Five Globes. These are: Environment Commitment, Solid Waste Management, Energy Management, Water Management, and Employee Education and Community Involvement. To be certified as an ECOTEL, a hotel must score the minimum qualifying percentage on each of the globes. What are the benefits for ECOTEL ® Hotels? †¢ Lower operating costs, greater profits through a focused effort on reducing waste generation and increasing operational efficiencies. †¢ Enhanced visibility for members through the ECOTEL ® website who also gain access to the reservation engine and other marketing features. †¢ Publicly recognized branding for hotels that may have/not have partnered with international chains. †¢ Value for money, as the cost of certification is comparatively lower than others to enable hotels to truly benefit from the transfer of knowledge. HISTORY of ECOTEL ECOTEL ® was developed by HVS in association with the Rocky Mountain Institute, USA with the help of engineering and hospitality experts. Conceptualized in 1994 by HVS the worlds leading consulting and services organization focused on the hotel, restaurant, shared ownership, gaming, and leisure industries ECOTEL was a pioneering program specific to hospitalityWhy should you choose to be an ECOTEL ®? Rigorous standards used for the certification methodology that are regularly updated to keep current with scientific advances and international thinking. Specific to hospitality as ECOTEL ® is managed by HVS, a global consulting giant in hospitality. Recognition of hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ specific green operations with hotels demonstrating substantial such evidence encouraged to seek certification, instead of just those who could build in the features. Broader in scope than other certifications as it enables a hotel to function responsibly while positively impacting the local community. Handholding throughout certification period, as clients are updated and assisted to improve their performance through consultation, training and identification of operational areas where they can improve efficiencies and cut back consumption. Spans the positioning spectrum, recognizing high levels of environment commitment and environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ friendly operations in hotels irrespective of size, positioning, or profile. How to be an ECOTEL ®? Hotels seeking the ECOTEL ® Certification are assessed for their environmental readiness through a property walkthrough, which entails inspection of different departments and random interviews with hotel staff. As per their status, they are either awarded the specific certification or enabled through a customized blueprint to achieve a specific level. In case of the later, the hotel is finally audited after the intervention and awarded the certification The Five Globes The methodology for the ECOTEL Certification is centered upon the idea of the Five Globes or five areas of certification, which together encompass the processes, systems and practices that ensure an environmentally responsible hotel operation. An audit is undertaken in each of these globes based on an audit checklist. The audit checklist for each of the globes is very well researched and based on scientific and technological advances and international charters and treaties specific to saving the environment. Environment Commitment A hotel demonstrates its environmental commitment through wide ranging programs and best practices that minimise its impact on the environment throughout its value chain while lowering overall business costs. Solid Waste Management For the hospitality industry, the waste created by daily operations is an ongoing challenge. In addition to incurring the costs of waste disposal, hotels need to also allocate valuable back-of-the house space for waste to be stored and sorted. For hotels, a good waste management strategy results in greater operational efficiencies, keeping waste out of the landfill, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy Management Energy is among the fastest-growing cost items for the lodging industry worldwide. In India, it approximates 8-15% of a hotels gross revenue. While design and operating system-improvements provide the framework for conservation of resources, large energy savings and thereby economic efficiency results through the switch to low-cost, easy-to-implement alternatives and a regular maintenance schedule. Water Management The rampant overusing and wasting of water along with global warming has led to a water-scarcity challenge that has serious implications for the global community and economy. A good water management strategy includes conservation of water through Efficient technology and programs, recycling through measures like grey water treatment, as well as earth-friendly practices like ground water recharge and rainwater harvesting. Employee Education and Community Involvement Motivating employees to understand the need for a change to environment-friendly practices, believing in them, and adapting them is a necessity for environmental initiatives to be both successful and sustainable. A well-thought out and well-executed education and training effort enables this. ECOTEL hotels also raise eco-consciousness in the community through either awareness campaigns or practices that can be built into the community, thus truly facilitating a change for a better environment. The graphic on the right shows the ECOTEL logo represented by the Earth in the centre, surrounded by the five globes or areas of ECOTEL Certification. Together, these five globes encompass the processes, systems, and practices of environmentally responsible hotel operations. Thus, the image conveys that ECOTEL through its five globes is a Certification that cares for the WORLD. Certification Details The certification is valid for a period of one year only, after which members must reapply. It is applicable to hotels irrespective of a member hotels country of origin since it is designed specifically for recognizing environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ friendly systems, operations, and practices in hospitality. The Process The Process for Certification is typically undertaken in three steps, which are: D:Z-ArenaSIMSR AssignmentsPOMECOTELFlowChart.gif Step One: Property Assessment: In an effort to understand the current standards observed by the hotel, an in-depth assessment of the property is conducted covering all the relevant areas of focus. The inspection includes: Interviews with the management and staff to comprehend the propertys commitment to environment. Physical inspection of the subject property including back-of-the-house areas to evaluate the systems employed for undertaking environment friendly operations. Collating data on consumption of various resources such as electricity, water, diesel, and chemicals among others to assess the processes for environment friendly operations. Interviews with the staff to assess their knowledge, attitude, and training levels to carry out environment friendly operations. This stage of the certification process culminates in generation of a Property Assessment Report that details the propertys baseline status as regards achieving minimum standards considered essential for an ECOTEL. Step Two: Roadmap for Certification:- If the hotel wishes to certify itself as an ECOTEL, our team prepares a detailed blueprint for the certification in conjunction with the hotels management team. This Roadmap for Certification includes mutually decided targets, technology, and training workshops that will enable the hotel to become an ECOTEL. The process is estimated to take upto 5-6 months and will include training initiatives, inclusion of best practices as part of the hotels standard operating procedures and the necessary capital infusion where required. Phase Three: Audit: A final audit of the property shall then be conducted and a certification awarded on its successful completion. Rating System: The hotel is rated on the parameters defined in our checklists covering the five globes. Our methodology rates every standard on a Likert scale, assigning weights to them based on their contribution. The checklists have a predefined minimum standard, Primary Criteria, which every participating hotel has to clear before being certified as an ECOTEL.

Social Environment And Its Effect On Ones Life Essay -- essays researc

Social Environment and Its Effect On One's Life Social environment is influenced by one's power and wealth. This, in turn, determines success or failure in peoples' lives. If one were born with a "silver spoon" in his mouth, he would easily be able to attend a fancy school no matter how intelligent he is or have any luxury he wants just because of power and wealth. On the flip side, if one were born to a poor family in a bad neighborhood infested with violence and drugs, he would have a much smaller chance of succeeding in life, more especially, going to an upper-class school. It is hard for many poor to go to college because of such high tuition costs. Scholarships are available; but, even though one shows financial need, one still has to have a high grade point average and test scores. Even if one has a good mind, trying to study in a gang-ridden neighborhood with constant gunfire isn't easy. With both parents working two jobs, there isn't any parental guidance. Whereas, the affluent, even if busy or working, have the means to insure that their children are supervised and well taken care of. The rich also have the luxury of affording special tutors to help their children while other children are on their own. For example, there are three students, one from a clean, upper-class community, another from a small, middle-class suburb and the other from a graffiti-ridden slum. A... Social Environment And Its Effect On Ones Life Essay -- essays researc Social Environment and Its Effect On One's Life Social environment is influenced by one's power and wealth. This, in turn, determines success or failure in peoples' lives. If one were born with a "silver spoon" in his mouth, he would easily be able to attend a fancy school no matter how intelligent he is or have any luxury he wants just because of power and wealth. On the flip side, if one were born to a poor family in a bad neighborhood infested with violence and drugs, he would have a much smaller chance of succeeding in life, more especially, going to an upper-class school. It is hard for many poor to go to college because of such high tuition costs. Scholarships are available; but, even though one shows financial need, one still has to have a high grade point average and test scores. Even if one has a good mind, trying to study in a gang-ridden neighborhood with constant gunfire isn't easy. With both parents working two jobs, there isn't any parental guidance. Whereas, the affluent, even if busy or working, have the means to insure that their children are supervised and well taken care of. The rich also have the luxury of affording special tutors to help their children while other children are on their own. For example, there are three students, one from a clean, upper-class community, another from a small, middle-class suburb and the other from a graffiti-ridden slum. A...

Truman Show Essay

Peter Weirs 1998 film The Truman Show is a metaphor for modern society, it focuses on the way the media manipulates reality. We are complicit in that manipulation and also victims of it. The film challenges us to critique the media and extricate ourselves from the â€Å"reality† it surrounds us with. The Truman Show tells us about life and reality, it portrays from what is real and what is a fantasy. Truman’s world is somewhat like our own world because of the way things are perceived and approached. Everyone expects and wants a true reality and build things around a world that we all seem to want and truly believe in.This is a similar case to what Christof seemingly tried to create, however it was more forced and mannered compared to what the worlds view and society’s form of a world would be like. We all expect things to be perfect; however nothing can be too perfect. There has always got to be imperfections or something going wrong. In a way we are set up, nat urally you’re always going to want something, but when you see something better you want that instead; it’s the same with wanting things that you can never get. The concept is the same.It’s that lust of just wanting to be accepted into the world accordingly to what society approves of, just that feeling of wanting to be accepted into the world. In Truman’s case, everything was controlled. From staging to lighting, friendships, and relationships and just how absolutely everything was set out. It was a manifested stage; the perfect little world where everything was always right. In our world, reality; we try and make it the same, however things don’t go our way all the time which causes the little caresses in time and change, completely flipping a scenario around therefore causing things to go unexpected.Not as planned and not as we have hoped. We are controlled by forces that we cannot handle such as the push and gravitational pull. The earthâ€℠¢s atmosphere and weather, our love and emotions. Little things like this that has such a big impact into the world; our world and our reality. The media plays a big role in both our world and Truman’s world. We are impacted by it every day and most don’t seem to notice. We rely on it a lot and we all seem to revolve around the media always wondering and dependent so we know what to expect next.The media plays an important role in The Truman Show because it is a set up world. The way that Christof has made it to be, to advertise to the viewers watching his show. Almost every way that it is staged out, there is a product being sold or just the way that they talk to each other is fake, you can tell that it’s been scripted and Truman is really only oblivious to this because he chose to believe that this is his real world and this is what it is made out to be until he has suspicions into what is really occurring.In our world, the media somewhat plays a similar part. We rely on it to get our information. It can be used for good and bad. There really is not telling in what to expect next coming from the media as they are so unexpected and mysterious. As it is, we are a lot like the viewers of the Truman show because we support the media industry. We are keeping the industry going by encouraging it and egging it to go on. The media is our form of entertainment and it’s almost our crucial bit of daily medicine, like we must take some in each day in order to survive and go on.We rely on the media as much as it relies on us to keep it running. In modern society we accept whatever goes on and most of the time approve and agree of whatever the media is saying, posting or filming; either broadcasting online or offline. It has become so relevant in our world and especially to this generation. We are like the viewers of the Truman Show because whatever the media plays, and we watch it is just another form of entertainment for us and the peopleâ₠¬â„¢s lives that they intrude on is merely a form of enjoyment to our eyes.

Key Tools for Quality Management

Key Tools for Quality Management Free Online Research Papers The key tools for total quality management, sometimes referred to as quality assurance, incorporates the four management processes of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling within the organization thus enabling the organization to better offer complete and total customer support and services, ensuring productivity and longevity after all without the customer where would an organization belong within the entire spectrum of being in business. Businesses must include all the parts as a whole. Customer, Suppliers, and Employees. Total quality management involves all of the activities needed for getting the highest quality goods and services to the marketplace. Total quality management tools include statistical process control, a method where employees gather data and analyze variations in production activities. Statistical process control is used to identify any needed adjustments. Given that every organization would like complete uniformity in its output, the goal is unattainable; every organization experiences unit-to-unit variations in products and services. Organizations can better control product quality by using Statistical process control in order to understand the sources of variations. With using control charts to plot, the results of sample measurements from operations identify when a process is beginning to depart from normal conditions so that any needed corrections can be made. Quality/cost studies are useful because improvements in products or production processes always entail additional costs. This method can help identify areas in which quality can be maintained with the greatest cost savings from making, finding, repairing, or preventing defective goods and services. Getting closer to the customer involves maintaining contact through communications with the customer so that the organization knows what the customers needs and wants in the products they designs to better understand if their product will satisfy those needs and wants. Through business reengineering the focus is on improving both the productivity and quality of organizational practices, this includes fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of organizational processes in-order to gain dramatic performance improvements. Customers can be defined as the line in the bottom line, they may not be on any balance sheet but maybe they should be, by ignoring customer reactions to existing products or failing to keep up with the always ever-changing customer needs and wants can become a fatal blow to any organization, whereas the most successful organizations keep very close to their customers and know what they want and need in the products they consume. References: Ronald J. Ebert / Ricky W. Griffin Business Essentials 4th Edition (2003) Prentice Hall Research Papers on Key Tools for Quality ManagementThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of India

Violence on Television Essay

Violence on Television Essay Free sample essay on Violence on Television: Violence on television can play a positive or negative role on society. When evaluating violence on TV, the negative affects it has on society greatly outweigh the positive. Violence on television has been entertaining viewers for decades and has played a big role in their lives. Viewers tend to copy the things they see on television and violence is shown often, influencing people act violently. Violence can be found everywhere on television. The news often centers its reports around homicide, rape, assault, and gang related cases. With these types of activities being promoted over charity and good will activities, it is hard to see the difference between right and wrong. This could cause people to use violence as a source of attention, knowing that it is recognized by the public. Many TV shows actually base themselves around violence in the form of fighting and murder. When viewers closely follow these shows, they extract the violent messages that are shown and sometimes act them out. These are two of the many ways television shows violence. Violence can also play positive roles on society by scaring viewers away from horrifying events and showing the various ways that violence can hurt people. Even though violence plays a positive role in society, it is obvious that the negative affect it has plays a much bigger role. With the reduction of violence, crime and violence rates could possibly drop but with the emphasis TV puts on violence, this will probably never happen.

The Relationship Between Predators and Scavengers Essay

The Relationship Between Predators and Scavengers - Essay Example The issue raised in the story has raised the emotions of the readers. Luna the most loved whale dies in British Columbia waters. The orphaned whale had won the heart of many whale lovers around the world the globe. The appearance of the young killer whale at Nootka had attracted much attention from the media around the world. The whale enjoyed developing relationship with people and played with anything around it including the boats. The close relationship between the whale and the humans was, unfortunately, the cause of its death. The young Luna was killed had been killed by a boats propeller in 2006. Even though the occurrence saddened many people, a few individuals were relieved since the animal’s curious behavior had resulted in number problems that had not yet been resolved. Luna’s playfulness had destroyed many boats creating conflicts with the boat owners. The challenges were difficult to determine by fisheries officers (Henderson, 160-162). Groc was not successf ul in avoiding emotional response. The writer tried to explain the issues that may have led to the whale being lonely. The writer continued to explain how the whale had struggled to develop a relationship with the human beings. It was desirable for the writer to produce an emotional response with an intention of keeping the reader on the track. The authors desire to look at the issues objectively and equitably were effectively achieved. She explains how the orphaned whale had developed friends and enemies in different measures. Despite the whale struggling to build a relationship with humans, she was killed by the same people that she used to play with. I totally agree that humans were responsible for the demise of the orphaned Luna, since the whale was discovered.

Is the U.S. a rapeculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is the U.S. a rapeculture - Essay Example and is part and parcel of life even though it is not either biologically or divinely ordained; despite being a set beliefs, values or attitudes, which can be changed by society (Buchwald, Pamela and Martha XI). Therefore, from the definition, it is justifiable to say that rape culture encompasses such elements as TV, jokes, legal jargon, jokes, words, rules and regulations, etc. that formalize and normalize sexual coercion and violence against women in society. Therefore, â€Å"Is the U.S. a rape culture?† This paper looks at the extent to which the American culture can be perceive as a rape culture historically and the present. Therefore, to answer my question, â€Å"Is the U.S. a rape culture?† Yes. Statistics indicates that there are many unreported cases of rape committed in the United States both in the past and the present. According to Buchwald, Pamela and Martha, many cases of assault that are unreported by the victims are perceived either as domestic disputes or bad dates implying that the victims perceive rape as just a mere normal occurrence in life or an acceptable behavior in society. For instance, a study report carried by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992-2000 indicate that of all sexual assaults committed against women in America, only 36% of rapes, 26% of sexual assaults and 34% of attempted rapes were reported to the police signifying that most sexual assaults and rapes were not reported or treated. The report further states that, when the victims were asked why they never reported their cases to the police, they cited reasons like: they feared reprisal, it was a personal matte r or they wanted to protect the offenders (Buchwald, Pamela and Martha). Therefore, from such studies it is evident that Americans perceive rape as a culture and a normal occurrence or behavior, which is condoned in society. In addition, the monthly reports compiled by the Uniform Crime Report of the FBI from more than 17,000 law agency enforcement, which covers over

Internet Piracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Internet Piracy - Essay Example The Internet is a vast repository of music, movies, games and software. As the access to the Internet increases, the rate of piracy also increases. People with access to the Internet can download computer software, music or movies and other copyrighted material in digitalized form; and copy, replicate and sell it on the black market. All these activities constitute physical forms of piracy. Nevertheless, in developed nations, although people have widespread access to the Internet, the piracy rate is on the decline (Assenova). There is a direct relationship between such physical piracy and the Internet. Piracy has affected the international music industry. The proliferation of the Internet has made file – sharing and unauthorized downloading of music, very simple. Software pirates invented new technologies and tools to share music over the Internet. For instance, Napster introduced peer – to – peer technology that posed a serious threat to the music industry. It d ecreased the sale of legitimate music works, which caused the music industry to sustain severe financial losses (Mcclintock). Piracy did not stop at this and extended its depredations to the movie industry. The latter implemented several programs to protect itself from piracy, and the major movie companies launched joint campaigns against movie piracy, and made a number of efforts to enhance public awareness about piracy. These companies conducted antipiracy campaigns in university campuses and colleges across the US (Mcclintock).

Native American educational traditions passed Essay Example for Free

Native American educational traditions passed Essay Before contact with Europeans, Native Americans developed an effective system of informal education call aboriginal education. The system included transmitting knowledge, values, skills, attitudes, and dispositions to the next generation in real world settings such as the farm, at home, or on the hunting ground. Education was viewed as a way to beautify and sharpen the next generation and prepare them to take over the mantle of leadership. The purpose of education was for an immediate induction of the next generation into society and preparation for adulthood. Education was for introducing society with all its institutions, taboos, mores, and functions to the individual. Also, education was intended for making the individual a part of the totality of the social consciousness. Native American education delineated social responsibility, skill orientation, political participation, and spiritual and moral values. The cardinal goals of Native American education were to develop the individual’s latent physical skills and character, inculcate respect for elders and those in authority in the individual, and help the individual acquire specific vocational training (Franklin, 1979). Native American education was also for developing a healthy attitude toward honest labor, developing a sense of belonging and encouraging active participation in community activities. Both boys and girls had equal access to education. Boys were taught by their fathers, uncles, grandfathers, and other male elders. Girls were instructed by their mothers, aunts, grandmothers, female elders and other members of their families. Sometimes, both boys and girls received instruction at the feet of either male or female elders (Mould, 2004). There were barely any dropouts and the community ensured that every child received a full education. Youth appropriate information and knowledge was not hidden from any child. Several teaching strategies, including storytelling, were utilized to pass on knowledge and culture to the youth. In fact, Mould (2004) believed that storytelling was a sacred and vital part of a Native American youth’s education. Knowledge and culture were passed down orally, â€Å"crafted into stories that would instruct, inspire, provoke, question, challenge, and entertain† (Mould, 2004). Often, the youth would gather together to listen to the elders as they related the knowledge once entrusted to them when they were children (Mould, 2004). The philosophy of education was that of the development of the individual as well as the whole society (Johnson et al. , 2005). Educational philosophy also emphasized the importance of nature. The pursuit of knowledge and happiness were subordinated to a respect for the whole universe. According to Johnson, knowledge was equated with an understanding of one’s place in the natural order of things and educators were encouraged to study and teach the physical and social world by examining the natural relationships that exist among things, animals, and humans. Studying ideas in the abstract or as independent entities was not considered as important as understanding the relationships among ideas and physical reality. The essential components of an educational experience included hands on learning, making connections, holding discussions, taking field trips, and celebrations of the moment (Johnson et al. , 2005). These highly effective teaching methods were utilized by adults to transmit culture to or educate the next generation. The youth learned at their own pace and barely competed against one another. The youth were taught to be supportive and nurturing of one another in the learning process. As a result of the holistic education that all youth were exposed to in the period before their contact with Europeans, there were barely any miseducated Native American children. At the time of European contact with Native Americans (from 1492), an advanced system of informal/aboriginal education had been developed by Native Americans as noted earlier. That system was misunderstood by Europeans who thus made efforts to impose their formal system of education on Native Americans. After contact with Europeans, formal education for Native Americans was initially conducted by missionaries and private individuals until the 1830s. There were increased European government efforts to formally educate Native Americans after the passage of the Indian Removal Act (1830) which forced Native Americans onto reservations (Tozer 2009). The purpose of formal education of Native Americans, as far as Europeans were concerned, was forced acculturation or assimilation to European culture (Tozer 2009). The aim of the European system of education was to â€Å"civilize†, Christianize, and Europeanize the Native Americans in European-controlled schools. To achieve this purpose and aim, many Native American children were forcibly removed from their homes and enrolled in European-controlled schools. By 1887, about 14,300 Native American children were enrolled in 227 schools run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs or by religious groups (Tozer 2009). The schools were operated based on an Anglo-conformity assimilationist approach. The Anglo-conformity assimilationist approach included the following: 1) Educating the Native Americans away from their culture due to the philosophy of Europeanization or Christianization or â€Å"civilizing† of the Native American through education; 2) Intensive efforts were made to destroy extant Native American cultures by excluding Native American cultures from the school curriculum; 3) Concerted efforts were made to prevent Native American students from following their own culture; and 4) Native American students were punished for speaking their native languages (Feagin Feagin, 2003). This approach motivated European American educators to force Native American students into boarding schools where it was believed that it would be easier and much more effective to Europeanize, Christianize, and â€Å"civilize† them. Students were forced to dress like Europeans, convert to Christianity, and take European names. Students who refused to conform were severely punished. The effects of the Anglo-conformity assimilationist approach on Native Americans cannot be overemphasized. Many of them lost or became confused about their cultural identity. Some tended to know a lot more about European culture, history, philosophy, and languages than about their own culture, history, philosophy, and languages. Europeanization, Christianization and â€Å"civilizing† of Native Americans through formal education seriously undermined the very foundation of Native American cultures and alienated many Native Americans from their own cultures and environment. Formal education forced many Native Americans to absorb European lifestyles and led to individualism as well as serious weakening of traditional authority structure and kin group solidarity. Many Native Americans lost faith in their own cultures and civilizations and absorbed those of Europeans. Some have neither fully adopted European culture nor fully embraced Native American culture and consequently swing between the two in a state of cultural confusion. Eurocentric education has been a miseducation of Native Americans as has been for all minority groups in the United States. These and many other political, social and economic effects of formal education on Native Americans have permeated Native American cultures till today. European American teachers and administrators have blamed Native American educational problems on cultural differences. This is known as cultural deficit theory. According to cultural deficit theorists, disjuncture’s or differences or deficits between the culture of the home and the culture of the school are the reasons for the poor academic achievement of non-European students (Johnson et al. , 2005). European American schools focus only on the dominant culture and expect all students to operate as if they are members of the dominant culture, giving an advantage to students from the dominant group and a disadvantage to those from minority groups (Johnson et al., 2005). What cultural deficit theorists advocate is that students from minority groups, including Native American students, must reject their own cultural patterns and absorb European American cultural patterns in order to be successful in school. Thus, in an effort to assist their students to be high achievers in school, many European American teachers have attempted to make their students â€Å"less Native American† by educating them away from their own cultures and imposing Anglo-European culture on them. Many schools and textbooks exclude Native American experiences and their immeasurable contributions to this society and the rest of the world and provide little to nothing to assist Native American children identify with their own cultures. From the 1930s some boarding schools were replaced by day schools closer to reservations and a bilingual policy of educating Native American students in both Native American languages and the English language was discussed (Feagin Feagin, 2003). Since the 1960s, organized protest has led to increased government involvement and aid for primary, adult, and vocational education for Native Americans on and off the reservations. Federal and local governments have focused more attention on local public schools (outside the reservations) and Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) schools in the reservations. For greater inclusion of Native Americans in their own education, Native American advisory boards have been organized in mainstream public schools. More Native Americans have been added to school faculty and staff. Native American art, dances, and languages have been included in the school curriculum. The central curriculum taught in both BIA and mainstream schools have remained the same from colonial times until recently. The curriculum indoctrinates Native American children with the same European American values as in the past (Feagin Feagin, 2003). In many reservations today however, there are efforts to reverse this by teaching students in Native American languages and culture from the early years of their education. In the Choctaw Reservation in Choctaw, Mississippi for example, students are taught in the Chahta and English languages in the first three years of formal schooling and in the English language from the fourth grade onwards. Throughout their schooling to the high school level, they are taught and exposed to Choctaw culture and encouraged to speak the Chahta language in and outside of school. One of the essences of the Annual Choctaw Indian Fair is to educate both the youth and adults in Choctaw cultural practices and traditions and to transmit Choctaw culture to the next generation. The author of this article, who happens to be an African and from a continent which has had similar experiences as those of Native Americans, greatly applauds the new forms of formal education among Native Americans on the reservations, which include an integration of the Native American system before their contact with Europeans and aspects of the European system as a way of preserving what is left of Native American cultures, preparing contemporary Native American youth for their real world settings, and meeting the needs of Native Americans. The large scale migration of many Native Americans to the cities since the 1950s has led to a decline in the number of children in BIA schools. By the early 1990s less than ten percent (10%) of Native American children attended BIA schools (Feagin Feagin, 2003). Today, most Native American children attend mainstream local public schools due to the fact that majority of Native Americans live off reservations with their children (United States Census Bureau, 2001). The mainstream educational system has however failed to meet the needs of Native American students. The failure stems from the absence of a Native American perspective in the curricula, the loss of Native American languages, the shift away from Native American spiritual values, and the racist and discriminatory activities of many European American teachers and administrators (Feagin Feagin, 2003; Schaefer, 2004). Perhaps, mainstream educators could borrow the new forms of formal education being practiced on the reservations which seem to much better meet the needs of Native American students rather than continually imposing the Eurocentric system which has not worked for Native Americans. With regard to higher education, since the 1960s, many mainstream colleges have established Native American Studies centers to provide facilities for the study of Native American issues (Feagin Feagin, 2003). By the late 1990s, more than 134,000 Native Americans were enrolled in colleges and universities throughout the United States (Schaeffer, 2004). Majority of the students attended predominantly European American public colleges and universities. Some of the students were not very successful due to the ingrained racist and discriminatory practices in those institutions. Consequently, many Native American students dropped out of those institutions. In general, Native American formal educational attainment has remained lower than that of the general population due to the Eurocentricity of the educational system. By 1990, less than two-thirds of Native Americans over the age of twenty-five were high school graduates compared to three-fourths of all Americans in that age range. Native American students in mainstream schools are disproportionately placed in special education classrooms. The proportion of Native American students who drop out after tenth-grade is 36%, the highest of any racial or ethnic group and more than twice that of European Americans (Schaeffer, 2004). In view of the aforementioned issues in education among Native Americans, a Department of Education Task Force organized in the late 1990s recommended the following for addressing Native American educational issues: implementation of multicultural curricula that inculcate respect for Native American history and culture, and establishment of programs that guarantee that Native American students learn English well. The task force assumed that if Native American students learn English very well then they will be successful in school, an assumption which is traced to the cultural deficit theory discussed above. Today, many Native American students attend Native American-controlled community colleges. The community colleges integrate Native American history and culture into courses. More attention is given to students and their cultures in the Native American-controlled educational institutions. Native Americans had established an effective educational system which ensured the smooth transmission of their cultures to the next generation before their contact with Europeans. The system included passing on of knowledge, values, attitudes, skills, and dispositions required for successful functioning of every individual in real world settings. Access to education was denied neither to male nor female while all children were taught to support and nurture one another and not necessarily compete against one another in the learning process. Learning was undergirded philosophically by a reverence for nature and a sense of humans’ responsibility to nature (Johnson et al. , 2005). The arrival of Europeans from 1492 onwards led to the imposition of a Eurocentric educational system which was underpinned by an Anglo-conformist assimilationist approach discussed above. This approach included educating Native Americans away from their cultures as a way of rendering them â€Å"less Native American† and more European American. The Anglo-conformist assimilationist approach in the formal education of Native Americans has left many of them miseducated and quite confused about their cultural identity. The political, economic and social impact of the European aim of Europeanizing, Christianizing and â€Å"civilizing† Native Americans through formal education are discussed at length in a paper presented by the author at the National Association of Native American Studies Conference in 2004. Fortunately, today, Native American leaders are successfully making efforts to reverse the adverse effects of the imposed Eurocentric educational system by synthesizing traditional Native American educational practices with European American practices. Works Citied Feagin, J. R. and Feagin, C. B. (2003). Racial and ethnic relations. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall Johnson, J. A. ; Dupuis, V. L. ; Musial, D. ; Hall, G. E. ; and Gollnick, D. M. (2005). Introduction to the foundations of American education. Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Mould, T. (2004). Choctaw tales. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. Schaefer, R. T. (2004). Racial and ethnic groups. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Steven Tozer (2009) School and Society : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. McGraw- Hil Publishing Company.

Network setup solutions :: essays research papers

WoodCarvings Inc. Solution 1: To use charter pipeline Desktop: IBM ThinkCentre A50 8148 Main Features †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.4GHz Intel Celeron †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  256MB RAM †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  40GB HDD †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CD-ROM †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10/100/1000 Ethernet †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Windows XP Pro Price: $500.00 per desktop (125 users) Printer: IBM InfoPrint 1332n - printer - B/W – laser Main Features †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B/W †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  laser †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal (8.5 in x 14 in) †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A4 (8.25 in x 11.7 in) †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1200 dpi x 1200 dpi †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  up to 35 ppm †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  capacity: 350 sheets †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  USB †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10/100Base-TX Price: $1,100.00 per printer (5 printers, 20 users per printer)) 24 ports Main Features †¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24-port 10/100/1000BASE-T (RJ-45) Gigabit Ethernet Web Smart managed rackmountable switch with 2 Combo SFP Expansion Slots Price: $467.00 per switch (5 switches 20 users per switch) Licensing: Select License 6.0 highlights: Microsoft Select License 6.0 provides volume licenses for medium- and large-sized businesses. With a minimum forecast of 1500 points over three years, you will receive a volume price level for each pool of products selected (Applications, Systems and Servers) based on this forecast. Each product pool within the Select License program has a point value assigned which enables customers to determine the price level for each product pool. The Symantec Elite Program is a contractual plan that allows companies to leverage your purchasing power with a consistent price band over the term of the contract. Depending on their needs, customers can choose the Commit option to immediately maximize your two year volume discounts via an up-front purchasing commitment. Or they can choose the Forecast two year purchasing model to minimize initial outlays for their licensing requirements. Total Price: Desktops: $500.00*125= $62,500.00 Printers: $1,100.00*5= $ 5,500.00 Switches $467.00*5= $2,335.00 (Also the price of charter pipeline, and your licensing) Total Price: $70.335.00 Solution 2: To use DSL We are going to use the same desktops, printers, and switches so the price will not change from solution 1, which was $70,335.00. Only difference is we are using DSL as our current ISP. Solution 3: Wireless We are going to use the same desktop as in solution 1 and 2 which was the IBM Think Centre A50 8148 which cost $500.00 per desktop (125 users) The same printer is being used also, the IBM Info Print 1332n Printer-B/W-laser which cost $1,100.

Annotated Bibliography (rough draft) Essay

In the passage â€Å"Shitty First Drafts† by Anne Lamott from Bird by Bird, the author promotes that â€Å"shitty first drafts† are the key to most successful pieces of writing. Lamott indicates that most writers have â€Å"shitty first drafts† and that â€Å"all good writers write them†(21.) In order to have a good piece of writing one must vomit all of their ideas onto paper. Lamott’s friend calls it the down draft (25.) In this draft you should get all your thoughts down, even if you sound like a child (22.) The first draft isn’t going to make much sense but it doesn’t matter because no one is going to see it(23.) With this â€Å"down draft† you can edit it and organize your thoughts into the up draft (25.) â€Å"The up draft† is where you take all the good things from â€Å"the down draft† and write an organized draft that makes much more sense. â€Å"You try to say what you have to say more accurately†(25.) After that comes he dental draft, a draft where you nit-pick and refine every aspect of the writing, like how a dentist would â€Å"check every tooth, to see if it were loose or cramped or decayed†(25,26.) Hopefully the final product is a â€Å"healthy† piece of writing. Lamott successfully argued that a â€Å"shitty first draft† is the beginning to a great piece of writing so you just â€Å"need to start somewhere†(25,26.)

The Role of Madness in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness

The novella Heart of Darkness was written by the British novelist Joseph Conrad and appeared, before its publication in 1902, as a three-part series in Blackwood’s Magazine. This frame tale or â€Å"story within a story† follows the lead character Charlie Marlow as he describes his adventures to a group of men aboard a ship. It also tells of an earlier event in Marlow’s life, at a time when he was working as a steamboat captain in a country whose name is not specified in the book. The story provides readers with a glimpse into the mind and soul of Marlow as he travels through the literal â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and comes face-to-face with the atrocities of racism and slavery. Marlow’s predecessor, the government-employed ivory agent Kurtz, dominates the natives through violence and coercion. When the two men finally meet, Marlow recognizes in Kurtz a mere shell of a man, the substance and soul of which has been devoured by the contempt of his own morals. This realization propels Marlow to scrutinize his own virtues and to decide whether or not to compromise them for the sake of wealth. The novella revolves around three central themes: â€Å"the hypocrisy of imperialism, madness as a result of imperialism, and the absurdity of evil† (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/facts.html, 2006a). In Heart of Darkness, madness is closely associated with the concept of imperialism. In the text, Africa is presented as a cause and catalyst for diseases of the body and of the mind. Madness also serves two functions in the novella. First, it functions as â€Å"an ironic device to engage the reader’s sympathies† (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/themes.html, 2006b). As Marlow is informed from the beginning, the ivory agent Kurtz is â€Å"mad†. However, as the story unfolds, it becomes apparent that this madness is relative; that madness in the context of the setting in which the characters move is quite hard to define. This causes the reader to develop a feeling of sympathy towards Kurtz and a sense of doubt and mistrust towards the Company. It also propels Marlow, who was initially suspicious of Kurtz, to sympathize with him. Madness also serves to create the â€Å"necessity of social fictions† (http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/themes.html, 2006b). Even though rationales and social norms are strewn throughout Heart of Darkness, they are ultimately proved to be utterly false and even causative of evil. However, they are indispensable in the quest of providing a sense of personal security and harmony among groups. In Heart of Darkness, madness is the result of having been detached from one’s own social realm and being permitted to become the lone arbitrator of one’s own actions. Therefore, madness is associated not only with supreme power and moral genius but to man’s primary and deep-seated imperfection: the character of Kurtz answers to no one but himself, and this proves too much for any one person to tolerate. In Heart of Darkness, Kurtz proves unable to resolve the contradictions between his own moral beliefs and cultural assumptions and subsequently sinks into madness when he begins to identify with the natives. Marlow says that Kurtz had gone mad because his soul â€Å"Being along in the wilderness,†¦ had looked into itself, and by heavens! I tell you, it had gone mad.† (http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/eng109/HeartSG.htm). This is in contrast to Kurtz’s nature of being power-hungry. The madness begins when Kurtz, who is mad with power provided by his absolute control over his domain, begins to succumb to the lure of the wilderness and the native people. He goes mad when his greed clashes with his growing affinity towards the natives. The subsequent moral dilemma proves too much for him. Marlow, in his recounting of his adventures, says that the moment of the native ceremony was the moment when he realized that Kurtz had gone mad when he went alone into the wilderness, when his spirit had been left alone with itself. Marlow recognizes that Kurtz is under the spell of the wilderness and tries to understand what had drawn Kurtz into â€Å"the edge of the forest†¦ towards the throb of drums, the drone of weird incantations;†¦ beguiled his unlawful soul†¦ beyond the bounds of permitted aspiration† (http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/eng109/HeartSG.htm). Marlow, who is uninterested with wealth or advancement in the Company, is focused chiefly on keeping his sanity amidst the madness in his surroundings. Nevertheless, his experiences leave him broken and distressed. The physical and mental torment he was forced to endure proved to be too much for him. Through Kurtz, Marlow had been drawn into the horror as well. When Kurtz says his last words, â€Å"The horror! The horror!† (http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/eng109/HeartSG.htm), Marlow was forced to face death. The experience leaves him bewildered and disturbed. He tells the group that when the natives buried Kurtz, they had almost buried him as well. When he returns to the city from which he came, Marlow finds the people there stupid and he continues to dwell on Kurtz and the remnants of the life Kurtz had left behind. When he goes to visit Kurtz’s fiancà ©, he feels the presence of Kurtz’s spirit entering the house with him. As Marlow proceeds into the fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s house, he imagines the natives dancing around their ceremonial fires, and hears Kurtz’s voice discussing ivory. Madness, as a theme in Heart of Darkness, serves to reinforce the fact that when given absolute power over himself and those under his influence, man is susceptible to his own dark nature. Work Cited Conrad, J. (1899). Heart of Darkness. In Davis, et. al. Eds. (1995). Western Literature in a World Context Volume 2: The Enlightenment throughout the Present. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Retrieved from on November 15, 2006. Sparknotes. (2006a). Heart of Darkness Study Guide. Sparknotes: Today’s Most Popular Study Guides from Barnes & Noble. Retrieved from on November 14, 2006. Sparknotes. (2006b). Heart of Darkness Study Guide: Themes, Motifs and Symbols. Sparknotes: Today’s Most Popular Study Guides from Barnes & Noble. Retrieved from on November 14, 2006.

Great Gatsby- theme essays

Great Gatsby- theme essays The strong theme The American Dream, is shaped and created with these important components in mind, materialism, selfishness, and social standing. Materialism plays one of the key components in the theme of The Great Gatsby. Nick gives a great opinion of how money corrupts, "They were careless people, Tom and Daisy they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made" Each of the characters show his or hers devotion towards what they each cherish. Daisy cherishes money and Gatsby realizes it. The novel clearly implies that, rich girls do not marry poor boys. Since Gatsby thinks money can bring him happiness, he buys the fanciest cars, the largest house, and the nicest clothes. He has the best of everything. He has everything except the one thing he actually wants, Daisy. Gatsby shows a need and greed for Daisys love. Oh, you want too much! She cried to Gatsby. I love you now- isnt that enough? I cant help whats past... That quote illustrates the selfishness Gatsbys character possesses, when confronted with the fact that Daisy could love someone besides himself. Tom Buchannen, Daisys husband, shows his greed by taking advantage of his broken marriage by having an affair. Daisys greed is far more shallow, she marries a man she pretends to love because of the content in his wallet, cheats on him, and hurts the one person that actually loves her. Social standing is what helps define why some of the certain characters might act in the ways they did. Jay Gatsby past was discovered to be poor; hence the reason Daisy, a rich girl, did not marry him. But instead married into the highest position, old money. Which in that standing there is only one way to look, thats down at people, new m...

Stages of Societal Development essays

Stages of Societal Development essays In the history of human societal development, the relationship between society and population are important elements that determine the development or stagnation of a society towards progress. It is chronicled in history that the emergence of the Industrial Revolution gave birth to population growth, as well as different movements that improved economic and social progress in human civilization. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the study of population growth with respect to society is illustrated in Thomas Malthus' theory of population, discussed in his famous discourse in 1798, An Essay on the Principle of Population. In his theory of population, Malthus discussed how an increase in population could result to a decrease in the food supply. For Malthus, this would happen because population rate increases at a geometric rate while food supply increase only at an arithmetic rate. This means that as population increases, food supply (economic resources) decrease and it would not be able to support the growing demand of the increasing number of people. Almost two centuries after Malthus' revolutionary proposal on the relation between society and population, Frank Notestein conceived his Theory of Demographic Transition in 1945. In his theory, Notestein posits that societal development is related with population growth, and identifies three stages of demographic transition in societies. The first stage, called the pre-industrial stage, is characterized by high birth rate and death rate. The second stage (transitional stage) has greater birth rates and lower death rates, and the third stage is identified as the industrial stage, wherein there is a decrease in both birth rate and death rate of a society. Modern theories on demographic transition adds another stage in the process, identified as the fourth, or post-industrial stage, where birth rate is equal to the death rate, which means that there is already a zero population gr...